Cloze Test 1:
A factor that air passengers give little thought to but which is a
serious threat to air safety is (1) maintenance. In the current global
airline boom competition is (2). Which compels airlines to (3) costs
and (4) output. In India with a seat capacity considerably (5) of
the demand all airlines practice severe cost-cutting to (6). Faced with
having to cut costs to the bone and maximise aircraft utilisation, a surprising
number of airlines may cut (7) on aircraft maintenance, even at the (8)
of compromising safety. While commercial aircraft are (9) to take
much punishment, for example, in the event of pilots flying into thunderstorms
there is a limit to the punishment that even the toughest aircraft can take
when profitability takes (10) over safety.
1. 1) expedient 2) incessant 3) routine 4) laborious 5) poor
2. 1) optimise 2) intense 3) destined 4) guarantee 5) profitable
3. 1) falsify 2) lavish 3) minimise 4) incline 5) ration
4. 1) depress 2) productive 3) curb 4) available 5) maximise
5. 1) ahead 2) less 3) more 4) saturated 5) above
6. 1) invest 2) survive 3) live 4) appraise 5) reinforce
7. 1) out 2) taxes 3) across 4) corners 5) short
8. 1) claim 2) formality 3) reminder 4) strain 5) risk
9. 1) designed 2) unable 3) rotated 4) originally 5) standard
10. 1) encouragement 2) influence 3) precedence 4) cover 5) guard
Cloze Test 2:
Mobile banking (M banking) involves the use of a mobile phone or
any other mobile device to (1) financial transactions linked to a client’s
account. M banking is new in most countries and most mobile payment models even
in developed countries to date operate on a (2) scale. A mobile network
offers a (3) available technology platform onto which other services can
be provided at low cost with effective results. For example, M banking services
which use (4) such as SMS can be carried at a cost of less than one US
cent per message. The low cost of using existing infrastructure makes such
services more (5) to use by customers with lower purchasing power and opens
up access to services which did not reach them earlier due to (6) cost
of service delivery. Although M banking is one aspect in the wider (7) of
e-banking there are reasons to single it out for focus—especially because there
are a lot more people with mobile phones than bank accounts in India. M banking
could provide a (8) solution to bring more “unbanked” people to the
financial mainstream. Without traditional credit, individuals are (9) to
exploitation by abusive lenders offering very high interest rates on short term
loans. Also of considerable importance are public safety implications for the unbanked—they
are often victims of crime because many operate on a cash-only basis and end up
carrying significant amounts of cash on their (10) or store cash in
their homes.
1. 1) disburse 2) undertake 3) subscribe 4) lure 5) amass
2. 1) full 2) voluminous 3) substantial 4) limited 5) rapid
3. 1) readily 2) tangible 3) routinely 4) securely 5) unique
4. 1) process 2) waves 3) deliveries 4) connection 5) channels
5. 1) valuable 2) answerable 3) amenable 4) exposed 5) responsible
6. 1) waning 2) stable 3) proportionate 4) marginal 5) high
7. 1) archive 2) domain 3) purpose 4) component 5) aspect
8. 1) law-abiding 2) tried 3) reassuring 4) cost-effective 5)
stop-gap
9. 1) inclined 2) immune 3) vulnerable 4) surrendered 5) pressured
10. 1) person 2) own 3) relatives 4) purses 5) self
Cloze Test 3:
In July 2008, one of the most inspiring leaders of our times, will
(1) his ninetieth birthday. Nelson Mandela retired from politics in
1999, but he has remained (2), continuing his work through the Nelson Mandela
Foundation. The foundation has launched an Aids awareness campaign, 46664,
named (3) Mandela’s prison number. He has also set up a scholarship
programme whose (4) was to promote leadership among young Africans. During
the 1990s, (5) I worked with Mr Mandela on his autobiography Long
Walk to Freedom, I (6) his leadership firsthand. During his election
campaign we were on board a plane discussing his book. Twenty minutes (7) to
landing the engine failed. Many began to panic. The only thing that (8) them
was looking at Mandela, who was reading his paper as if he was a passenger on a
morning train to work. The plane landed safely and when we got into the car
taking us to the hotel he (9) to me, “I was terrified on the plane !” As
a leader he realised he was a model for others and this gave him the strength
to (10) over his own fear.
1. 1) tribute 2) remember 3) honour 4) celebrate 5) rejoice
2. 1) resigned 2) active 3) influenced 4) participant 5) reserved
3. 1) by 2) with 3) after 4) as 5) thereafter
4. 1) wish 2) pursuit 3) result 4) plot 5) aim
5. 1) when 2) that 3) period 4) later 5) alongside
6. 1) felt 2) acquainted 3) experienced 4) underwent 5) learned
7. 1) before 2) sooner 3) close 4) prior 5) advance
8. 1) calmed 2) soothing 3) composed 4) restraint 5) discipline
9. 1) speaks 2) confided 3) confidentially 4) entrusted 5) assured
10. 1) success 2) overcame 3) dominate 4) victory 5) triumph
Cloze Test 4:
Mankind has seen rapid (1) in the last 150 years because of
the mass manufacturing techniques (2) in western nations and later taken
to new levels of efficiency by Japan. Mass production and production for the
masses became the bases of new business strategies. Large-scale consumption by
all with the social benefit of (3) poverty, became the dominant economic
strategy. The advent of electricity and its large-scale application to
lighting, heating and operating machines added a fresh dimension to manufacturing.
By the 1950s came (4) in electronics and transistor devices to be
followed by innovations in microelectronics, computers and various forms of sensors
all of which (5) altered the manufacturing scene. It is now no longer
necessary to make prototypes in a factory or a laboratory to study a new product.
Many new products can be (6) on computers and their behaviour simulated
on them. By choosing an optimum design through such simulations, computer
programmes can directly (7) the manufacturing processes. These processes
are generally called Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Assisted
Manufacturing (CAM). These capabilities are leading to newer forms of (8) by
customers. Each customer can be offered several special options. Customised
product design or (9) manufacturing are other popular techniques
currently in (10) in many developed countries.
1. 1) havoc 2) transformation 3) destruction 4) violence 5)
deforestation
2. 1) discarded 2) resorted 3) indulged 4) perfected 5) designated
3. 1) removing 2) nurturing 3) appeasing 4) cajoling 5) mastering
4. 1) additions 2) gadgets 3) modifications 4) variety 5) inventions
5. 1) immediately 2) precisely 3) irreversibly 4) indefinitely 5)
measurably
6. 1) designed 2) produced 3) manufactured 4) sold 5) purchased
7. 1) inspire 2) cultivate 3) visualize 4) drive 5) curtail
8. 1) uses 2) demands 3) advertisements 4) consumption 5) goods
9. 1) visible 2) secure 3) fundamental 4) overt 5) flexible
10. 1) view 2) wings 3) vogue 4) isolation 5) order
ANSWERS:
Cloze Test 1
1. 5 2. 2 3. 3 4. 5 5. 1 6. 2 7. 4 8. 5 9. 1 10. 3
Cloze Test 2
1. 2 2. 4 3. 1 4. 5 5. 3 6. 5 7. 2 8. 4 9. 3 10. 1
Cloze Test 3
1. 4 2. 2 3. 3 4. 5 5. 1 6. 3 7. 4 8. 1 9. 2 10. 5
Cloze Test 4
1. 2 2. 4 3. 1 4. 5 5. 3 6. 1 7. 3 8. 2 9. 5 10. 3
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